Information Act - Free Essay Example

Executive Summary The Indian Government, to promote transparency and accountability in the administration processes, brought into force the Right to Information Act on October 12th, 2005. As per the Parliament of India, the purpose of the RTI Act is ‘to provide for setting out the practical regime of right to information for citizens’[i]. The Act applies to all the states and union territories of India, except Jammu and Kashmir. The Act is applicable to all constitutional authorities – any institution or body constituted by an act of Parliament or state legislature – including the executive, judiciary and the legislature. This act empowered the citizens of India to seek information from public authorities. In particular, the RTI act was expected to have a huge impact on the quality of the life of the poor and other backward sections of the community. Over the last five years, several incidents have highlighted that the RTI act has enough ‘teethâ₠¬â„¢ in it to bring radical increase in transparency and reduction in corruption. At the same time, it has to be accepted that the act has not reached the envisioned level. However, the institutional mechanism for the implementation of act are in place and some stakeholders like media and civil right activists have been making extensive usage of the act to bring transparency and objectivity in the functioning of various public offices. However, the reach of civil society organizations and social activists is limited owing to the geographical size and population. The success stories of the RTI act range from identifying lost postal orders to highlighting scams worth crores of rupees. Though, corruption and other inefficiencies in the Government were known earlier, citizens could not take any recourse measure. However, with the advent of the RTI act, this situation has changed. Public has found a powerful tool to bring measurability and accountability at all levels of governance . During the study for this report, it was found that the major issues in the implementation of the RTI Act are – lack of awareness in the public, inconvenience in requesting information, lack of support for concerned uthorities, lack of accountability and clarity in role, lack of infrastructure and training, inefficiencies at Information Commissions and the passive nature of Government in implementing the act. Another challenge before the Government is to aggressively encourage ‘voluntary disclosure of information’ among its various authorities. Government needs to take proactive measure for the RTI act to live up to its expected potential. It needs to take steps to improve awareness among citizens, assist the applicants, set up independent and third-party audit committees to review the functioning of Information Commissions, generate efficient models for processing RTI files etc. Detailed Summary The Indian Constitution was written with an implicit right to knowledge. But then, over the years, as the Government mechanisms became more and more bureaucratic and political, many Government employees started looking at increasing their influence in the organisation – and that started off with with-holding information. Farmers and others who were kept in the dark regarding many Govt policies protested and the basis for RTI was born. The Right to Information Act was passed in mid 2005 and was effective from October 2005[ii]. It superseded all the other special laws that had until then guarded official information in India, like the Official Secrets acti. Salient features and Social Impact: The six chapters and thirty one sections[iii] of the Right to Information act (2005) empower every citizen of India to ask any question and seek any information from the Government. By information, we mean records, memos, circulars, documents, e-mails, opinions, samples, models, advices, press releases, reports, papers, orders, logbooks, contra cts and electronically stored information[iv]. RTI, however, is not absolute, as in, sections 8 and 9 tell us about the categories of information that are exempt from disclosure[v]. Categories under section 8, if demanded to serve a larger public interest, can be disclosedi. A common citizen cannot be denied any information that cannot be denied to state / legislative assemblies or a parliamentary housev. Information can be demanded from any central or state government departments, including panchayats, and from any other organization (including Non-governmental organisations) that is owned, controlled, established or substantially financed in any way by any section of the government, be it central or state[vi]. We should note that the act does not apply to the state of Jammu and Kashmir[vii]. Every Government department that comes under the purview of the RTI designated a Public Information Officer (PIO) and several Assistant PIOs within 100 days of the enactment of the law[viii ]. Some documents, as per Section 4, were also required to be made available to the public suo moto by the Government authoritiesvii i. e. on their own, without anyone demanding to know. The PIO can take up to 30 days (plus a few days for postal delays etc) to get back to the applicantviii. He can also take an additional 5 days if the application is sent to the wrong department and needs to be transferred to another dept and another 15 days if there are unavoidable delays (after notifying the applicant in writing). ix] If the applicant doesn’t receive any information from the PIO past the specified date or if the received reply is not satisfactory, the issue can be escalated to the first appellate authority within another 30 days[x]. If the first appellate authority cannot give a satisfactory reply either within the stipulated 30 day time limit, the issue can be taken to the notice of the second appellate authority within 90 days of receiving the first appeal ordersvii. There is no time limit for the CIC (Central Information Commission) to reply to the second appealvii. The fee for application varies from department to department and is dependent on whether the applicant seeks information from the state or the central governments – but then, it is very much affordable for the massesi. The Central Government, for example, has a fee of INR 10 for application and a further INR 2 for every page that was created and copied[xi]. In the first few years, even though the suo moto disclosures have not really lived up to expectations, several people and organisations have benefited by the act; from 70 year old Kaniram, who got his entitlement of PDS food grains that was denied to him for a whole year, to nine year old Pranav who forced Delhi Police to register a complaint regarding the bicycle that he lost[xii]. Students got the UPSC to disclose the cut-off marks and Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti in Assam used the Right to Information act to expose illegal diversion of food grains that were allotted to the poor from the PDS centres[xiii]. These are just samples taken from a bigger list of victories for the RTI act and the common manix. The RTI act does have its issues about which we will discuss in a while. Several non-governmental organisations like Parivartan[xiv] (led by Arvind Khejriwal) and Kabir[xv] exist primarily to help people with the Right to Information act and create as much awareness as possible, given that not everyone knows just how potent the act is. We believe that continuous usage of this act and timely follow up from the Officers would lead to a culture of openness in the society. The application filed by Pranav, even if it sounds like an elementary issue, speaks a lot about what the young generation is growing up to. Origination of the Idea Though Indian is a liberal democracy, people are mostly denied access to basic information in the public domain. The Constitution of India does not grant a right to information explicitly. However, the Supreme Court of India has held in several cases that the right to information is implicit in the constitutional rights of freedom of speech and expression (Article 19 (1)(a) and right to life and liberty (Article 21). xvi] The Right to Information campaign in India began with the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS), a small but a powerful union of agricultural labour in a remote village Dengungri, Rajasthan. The village accounts had entries of nonexistent people and shadow developmental expenses[xvii] and the illiterate villagers were denied their wages[xviii]. The anger and determination of the villagers to hold the government accountable and bring in transparency in village accounts initiated the Right to Information movement. MKSS demanded that copies of all documents related to public work are made available to people, for a public audit[xix]. The significance of the struggle by MKSS was its fundamental premise that ordinary people m ust not be condemned to remain dependent on chance or someone else to free them from the oppressions of corruption. Instead, they must be empowered to control and fight the corruption on their own. The success of the MKSS movement led to the genesis of a broader disclosure on RTI in India. In 1993, the Consumer Education and Research Council, Ahmedabad (CERC) proposed a draft RTI law[xx]. During 1996-97, the Press Council of India submitted two draft model laws on the RTI but these were not considered seriously by the Government. In 1996, MKSSs advocacy gave rise to the National Campaign on Peoples Right to Information (NCPRI), an organization which aimed to support for the right to information and to lobby the government for enactment and effective access to information legislation[xxi]. The members of the NCPRI included ex government workers, well connected leaders many of whom had been a part of the local campaigns or jan sangathans. xxii] In 1997, the Shourie committee, under the chairmanship of Mr H. D. Shourie came up with draft legislation on the freedom of information which was criticised for not adopting a high enough standard. The draft was reworked into the Freedom of Information Bill 2000 which also was eventually rejected. The National advisory commission (NAC) was set up to oversee the implementation on the Common minimum program and since then it has been working closely on the RTI. In May 2005, the RTI amendment bill was tabled and passed in Lok Sabha. Soon after the Rajya Sabha passed the bill, the then President APJ Abdul Kalam gave his assent to the Act. On 12th October, 2005, The Right to Information Act formally came into force. Key Issues in implementation of RTI Act 1. Low public awareness: The first and foremost issue in the implementation of the act is the lack of public awareness. Former Chief Information Commissioner Mr. Wajahat Habibullah recently expressed concerns that public awareness about Right to Information (RTI) Act is not as high as it should have been[xxiii]. A survey conducted by Price Water Coopers has revealed that only 15% of the respondents were aware of the act[xxiv]. This lack of awareness is acute among women, rural population and people from backward castes (Refer the charts in exhibits). This defeats the basic purpose of act i. e providing information to the common man. Another important problem in this regard is the quality of awareness. Most of the people who claim to be aware of the RTI act are poor in terms of quality of awareness i. e how much information can be asked, what type of information can be asked for and from whom the information can be asked for. This problem was tried to overcome by encouraging ‘proactive disclosure of the information’ by institutions. However, this being optional as against mandatory in some other countries, has not resulted in any effective dissemination of information. 2. Constraints while filling the application: Lack of proper user guidelines is resulting in significant efforts on the part of the information seeker to gather knowledge about the process for RTI request submission. This lack of procedural guidelines is putting off many citizens from requesting information. Very few states have provided standard application forms for filing an RTI request[xxv]. Also, though the law allows a citizen to make a request through electronic means, in reality, the efforts made to receive requests through such media are grossly inadequate. Another related problem is the lack of assistance and non-friendly attitude of PIOs (public information officers) towards the applicants. The users do not know whom to turn to for assistance while filing an application. 3. Issues faced during information dissemination: These are the issues faced on the ‘supply’ side of the act. The biggest problem is providing information within the stipulated 30 days time. Currently, there are inadequate processes and measures in place to monitor the adherence of PIOs to the deadlines in providing the requested information. The PIOs are challenged to provide the information within the stipulated time due to inadequate record management procedures. This challenge is further severed by non-availability of proper infrastructure. The obsolete record management procedures and limited use of IT is preventing the PIOs from timely dissemination of information. Another important issue is the inadequate training of PIOs in terms of both behaviour and in-depth understanding of RTI act. In addition, there is a lack of motivation for PIOs as there are no incentives to take up a PIO job while the penalties for non-compliance exist. There is a clause in the RTI act allowing for dissemination information on suo moto basis. The PIOs should make use of this clause and proactively give out information and eliminate the hassle of large number of RTI applications. However, most of the PIOs are not aware of this provision. Even in cases when suo moto information is being provided, the quality of information is quite low and is not regularly updated there by serving no purpose. 4. Passive role of the Government: There are no adequate mechanisms within the government authorities to implement the provisions of the act. Neither the Government not the Information commissions have ensured this basic minimum requirement for implementation of RTI act. During a survey by Price Water Coopers, it was found that most of the states do no maintain a centralized data base of RTI applicants[xxvi]. This leads to delay in providing data and puts the authorities in a situation where they cannot publish the accurate numbers of applications filed and applications processed. In addition, the pendency of RTI requests at the Information Commissions is huge. This leads to delay in processing of a RTI request. One of the important roles of Information Commission is to monitor the public authority and take steps to ensure they comply with the act. However, this has been one of the weakest links of the RTI act so far. This is resulting in a large number of appeals there by wasting resources. There is an ambiguity about the roles and responsibilities of the State Governments and the Information commissions which is leading to wastage of time and resources and delay in addressing information requests. Government should take steps like creation of a knowledge resource centre, capacity building for training of PIOs, improving the motivation for PIOs and earmarking budget for implementing the recommendations. Effectiveness of the RTI Act The objective of the RTI Act (as enshrined in its preamble) is to establish a practical regime for citizens to access information held by Public Authorities. This in turn will lead to increased transparency and accountability at the Public Authorities. I. Establish a practical regime for citizens to access information: Civil society organizations, media and activist s have contributed a lot in spreading the awareness of the Act amongst masses and also they have played a key role in training of PIOs AAs, making them aware of their roles and responsibilities. xxvii] However, in spite of tremendous government and social bodies’ effort in spreading awareness of RTI and educating government officials about RTI, it was found in a survey that only 10% of PIOs scored above average on parameters associated with awareness about the Act[xxviii]. In a survey of applicants who received response to their information request, two thirds got some information and only half got full information[xxix]. About three fourths of the respondents told that PIOs were not cooperative in the process. One interesting fact came out that one third of 426 PIOs contacted didn’t know that they are PIOs! [xxx] II. Increased transparency and accountability at the Public Authorities RTI has become a powerful tool in the hands of citizen to fight against corruptio n and have their rights. Study suggests that more and more information is sought from government bodies about their functioning, testing their fairness efficiency and highlighting any irregularities[xxxi]. Since, the Act came into effect it revolutionized the whole system and people are delighted to be equipped with the real power of freedom of information. Though there is substantial implementation of the Act, it still needs more ammunition so that the citizens can use it to the fullest. There is a need for enhanced accountability and clarity of roles in government bodies. There is a need for mass awareness, conducive environment emphasis on capacity building at central, state as well as district level. Government should improve efficiency of Information Commission and institutionalize third party audit, so as to maintain transparency and evaluate the success of RTI act in periodic manner[xxxii]. Interestingly there are sections of the  RTI  Act which act as main hurdle s. These sections impede obtaining information related to process of investigation, personal information and information diverting the resources of public authority. Lessons Learnt †¢ There should not be any variance in role/ownership among different departments of government after the fact that their roles are clearly defined in the Act. †¢ There should be adequate planning at Public Authority level for identifying and addressing the constraints to ensure the citizens make full use of the new social innovation. There should not be any inadequate processes, infrastructure or resources for the organization to measure the extent of implementation of any social innovation. †¢ Necessary government support should be provided to the authorities with detailed roles and responsibilities that are in alignment with the provisions of the Act. †¢ Governments should organize educational programs in order to bring awareness of the new social innovation among its citizens as on ly â€Å"media† played a key role in bringing awareness in case of Right To Information Act to[xxxiii] o Only 12% of the women and 26% of the men Only 27% of the General category and 14% of the OBC/SC/ST categories o Only 13% of the rural population and 33% in urban population †¢ Increase the number of channels through which a citizen can have access to the new social innovation. In the case of RTI, during payment of fee to receive information the citizen has to be presented physically even though the Act has no such restriction. †¢ Adequate training should be given to all the employees who work towards the service of any new social innovation as the report from PWC on RTI shows that only 45% of Public PIOs have mentioned that they have not been trained on RTI[xxxiv]. Proper motivation should be cultivated among all the employees serving for the new social innovations †¢ Information Technology should be effectively used in capturing the performance analysis of any new social Innovation. †¢ Strictly adhere to the service levels that are stipulated in the Act i. e. , in the case of RTI the applicant should be provided the required information within 30 days of the petition. Appendix [pic] [pic][pic] [pic] References [i] https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Right_to_Information_Act Article in Wikipedia on RTI Act [ii] https://www. ummies. com/how-to/content/putting-indias-right-to-information-act-to-good-us. html [iii] https://righttoinformation. gov. in/ [iv] https://www. rtiindia. org/guide/fundamental-facts-about-rti-2/what-is-right-to-information-6/ [v] www. rtiindia. org [vi] https://www. kabir. org. in/content/salientfeaturesofindia1. htm [vii] https://righttoinformation. gov. in/rti-act. pdf [viii] Salient features of RTI by Associate Prof R. K. Chowbisa of HCM Rajasthan State Institute of Public Administration, Jaipur at www. upacademy. org/presentationpdf/rti/RTI_SALIENT_FEATURES. ppt [ix] https://www. tiindia. org/guide/fundament al-facts-about-rti-2/time-limits-specified-in-the-rti-act-18/ [x] https://www. rtiindia. org/guide/fundamental-facts-about-rti-2/time-limits-specified-in-the-rti-act-18/ [xi] https://www. kabir. org. in/content/salientfeaturesofindia1. htm [xii] https://www. rti. org. in/Documents/Complete%20Article%20as%20one%20PDF. pdf [xiii] Samudra Gupta Kashyap in the Indian Express at https://www. indianexpress. com/story/254593. html [xiv] https://www. indiatogether. org/campaigns/parivartan/ [xv] https://www. kabir. org. in/indexx. htm [xvi] https://www. hesouthasian. org/archives/2006/post. html Article on the History of Right to Information [xvii] https://www. nyayabhoomi. org/treatise/history/history1. htm Article on the rising RTI in India [xviii] https://www. worldpress. org/asia/1014. cfm Interview with Aruna Roy and Nikhil Dey. Transparency and Poverty in India. [xix]https://www. humanrightsinitiative. org/programs/ai/rti/india/articles/The%20Movement%20for%20RTI%20in%20India. pdf Article: The Movement for Right to Information in India. People’s power for the Control of Corruption – Harsh Mander and Abha Joshi. xx] https://www. thesouthasian. org/archives/2006/post. html Article on the history of RTI [xxi] https://www. thesouthasian. org/archives/2006/post. html Article on the history of RTI [xxii] https://www. drc-citizenship. org/publications/InFocus/Rs_India_final1. pdf Winning the Right to Information campaign in India : Amita Baviskar [xxiii] https://www. rtiindia. org/forum/51999-more-awareness-needed-right-information-act. html Forum regarding issues in RTI implementation [xxiv] https://rti. gov. in/rticorner/studybypwc/key_issues. df Study of PWC on RTI act in India [xxv] https://rti. gov. in/rticorner/studybypwc/key_issues. pdf Study of PWC on RTI act in India [xxvi] https://rti. gov. in/rticorner/studybypwc/key_issues. pdf Article of PWC on issues in implementation of RTI act in India [xxvii] https://rti. gov. in/rticorner/stud ybypwc/key_issues. pdf, Study of RTI by PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009 [xxviii] https://cic. gov. in/CIC-Articles/TimesOfIndia-28092008. htm, The Times Of India Article, 28 Sep 2008, 0656 hrs IST,TNN [xxix] https://www. rtiindia. org/directory/uploads-2/interim-findings-of-the-peoples-r

The Criminal Justice System And The United States Essay

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Human Death And Suffering In Australia †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Human Death And Suffering In Australia? Answer: Introduction Breach of safety regulations has for a long time been a key factor that has resulted in numerous accidents that have caused human death and suffering in Australia and around the world. This has not only caused train crashes and mishaps but also other major types of accidents that have caused massive loss of human life and tragedy. The improper observance of security and safety protocol has therefore been a key factor that has contributed highly in these accidents and hence should be addressed as a mitigation measure in preserving human life. Lack of observance of basic safety practice and change in policy have therefore been cited as major causes of both minor and major accidents. Addressing of the same could be a step forward in the achievement of reduced tragedy caused by the breach of security regulation. 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Human error resulting from assumption of basic safety protocol should therefore be minimized or else removed completely. The Clapham Junction Incident A crowded commuter train ran straight head-on into the rear of another stationary train at Clapham Junction on the 12th of December 1988 causing massive loss of human life and injury to many more. The consequence impact of the collision moved the first train causing it to hit another oncoming train causing the tragic death of 35 people instantly and with more than 500 other injured. The incident took place around the train station just a paltry two signals away. A technical error occurred causing a failure in the signaling process at the station. The stop sign which should have been signaled to the first train was not working due to some electrical failure. The wiring of the whole electrical set-up was just done recently but it was vividly clear that that it was a shoddy piece of work. The fuse end of the wire was left connected while the relay end was also not disconnected as required. The whole new wiring work was done during the week and the connections made over the weekend. Part of the job required some wire to be removed completely from the terminals at both ends. These are the relay and the fuse end. They should have been both disconnected completed and tied back to ensure no form of contact whatsoever. This was however tampered with in another job the next week leading to renewed contact of the wires. The circuitry was therefore interfered with by this careless readjustment leading to massive loss of life. Safety breaches that caused the accident It is evident that there was clearly a string of safety breaches that caused the occurrence of the train carnage at Clapham Junction. These breaches if taken into account and if addressed as required through proper regulation and policy could prevent any other incidents, reduce the death toll and other drastic consequences that took place brought about by these breaches. The lack of accountability and clarity on job responsibility by the staff was a key breach in safety precautionary measures. The relevant technical personnel and technicians in charge of the wiring and signaling at the station did not commit to their job as required. The management therefore failed in their duty to conduct mandatory wire counts leaving all the work to junior staff who were probably highly inexperienced. Another safety breach was the failure by the organizational restructuring to take into account the resources needed to make the new structures to work as they were meant to. There was no proper consultation procedure and planning which would have been critical in preventing small hitches along the way. The chief engineer responsible for signal works just assumed that everything would be done as required by the other engineering personnel under his supervision hence creating a responsibility vacuum. The lack of proper communication and massive failure in management leadership was also another major security breach in the incident. The communication set-up in the organization was below par and hence miscommunication along the chain as there was no formal communication. The train staff and other station personnel had undergone a major reorganization and were therefore adjusting to their new positions. Inadequate training was also a safety breach as improper training or lack of necessary skill thereof by the relevant staff could cause irreversible damage owing to small mistakes that have major impacts (Baysari,Mclntosh and Wilson ,2008). An assumption of competence and efficiency was effected by the senior engineers upon the junior staff as they delegated their duties without ensuring that the personnel under them and their relevant departments were properly trained. The senior technician should have been held accountable for the wiring problems as it was his primary concern to ensure everything was in perfect order for operations to work as they should. There was also failure to audit and therefore and therefore safety auditing was not a part of their organizational structure. The institutions management also ignored past mistakes that had caused other incidents at the station and therefore had only themselves to blame for not correcting past mistakes. The warning signals from the previous accidents should have been taken seriously and mitigation measures should have been effected immediately. Three years prior to this incident, there had been a similar signaling failure at the station after rewiring was done. They therefore should have been more careful considering the past failure of the system. Considering the past issues should have been taken into account and hence the incident could have been avoided. Ignoring of established safe systems was also a factor in the occurrence of the incident. One example of these ignored established systems was that the proper procedure for particular rewiring detail was not followed as needed. There were also no independent wire counts done as was required by protocol and the redundant wires were neither disconnected nor tied back as required. Other modifications on the signaling and wiring that should have been done on the job were not done as required and no further consultation was done. Conclusion The Clapham Junction accident is just another one case caused by serious human error and lack of accountability by the personnel concerned ensuring safety is observed. Taking into account past mistakes and warnings from incidents in the past that had taken place in a similar pattern should have been used as a platform to avoid the incident. Sealing al loopholes that brought about breaches in security and safety protocol could have been a key concern of the organization. It is clearly evident that the problem of safety breaches is more disastrous than people choose to accept. Reflecting seriously on these underlying issues, it is very clear that people did not really take their responsibilities as seriously required for everything to be in a required order. When poor leadership is given charge at such critical institutions that deal with transporting human souls, it is a big mistake (Freeman and Rakotonirainy, 2015). The presence of poor communication structure is also another contrib utory issue that should be taken seriously to avoid misunderstanding and poor workmanship. Poor communication results in disconnected organization and hence ineffective results from the relevant staff. Ignoring warnings from the past seriously can lead to heart breaking tragedies. The serious consideration of minor safety protocol could go a long way in saving human lives. Policy and regulation concerning safety breaches that cause loss of human life and other catastrophic incidences should be enforced by the relevant authorities. Individuals working in the specific departments should at all times be held accountable for mistakes that cause problems under their supervision. They should be made to face consequences in order to effect serious work ethic amongst personnel. The organization concerned should also synergize and utilize effectively the resources under their disposal in provision of safe transport systems for commuters. Proper communication channels are also necessary for safety to be observed in accordance to set policy. Proper communication either from the top down or vice versa give an environment of understanding and accountability to every personnel responsible for a certain task. Proper auditing of all safety procedures as required should also be done as effectively as it is required. The organization should therefore have proper auditin g procedure at all time. Proper training of their personnel should also be ensured to impact necessary skill and expertise in their specific lines of duty. References Baysari, M. T., McIntosh, A. S., Wilson, J. R. (2008). Understanding the human factors contribution to railway accidents and incidents in Australia.Accident Analysis Prevention,40(5), 1750-1757. Salmon, P. M., Lenn, M. G., Read, G. J., Mulvihill, C. M., Cornelissen, M., Walker, G. H., Stanton, N. A. (2016). More than meets the eye: using cognitive work analysis to identify design requirements for future rail level crossing systems.Applied ergonomics,53, 312-322. Freeman, J., Rakotonirainy, A. (2015). Mistakes or deliberate violations? A study into the origins of rule breaking at pedestrian train crossings.Accident Analysis Prevention,77, 45-50. Salmon, P. M., Read, G. J., Stanton, N. A., Lenn, M. G. (2013). The crash at Kerang: Investigating systemic and psychology factors leading to unintentional non-compliance at rail level crossings.Accident Analysis Prevention,50, 1278-1288. Australia, S. W. (2014). Work-related traumatic injury fatalities, Australia 2013.ACT: Canberra. Naweed, A. (2013). Psychological factors for driver distraction and inattention in the Australian and New Zealand rail industry.Accident Analysis Prevention,60, 193-204. Luong, P., Xia, M. (2016). The light rail revolution-a safety risk perspective.CORE 2016: Maintaining the Momentum, 714. Klockner, K., Toft, Y. (2015). Accident modelling of railway safety occurrences: The Safety and Failure Event Network (SAFE-Net) Method.Procedia Manufacturing,3, 1734-1741. Quan, S. F., Barger, L. (2015). Brief review: sleep healthcare and safety for transportation workers.

How to Purchase a Paper

How to Purchase a PaperIf you are someone who has taken the time to read this article, then chances are you want to learn about how to purchase a paper. There are several things that you can do to get the best paper for your money. You should look at the quality of the paper, the paper's color, and the paper's dimensions. Keep in mind that some of these things will vary from country to country, so it is important to know the basics.When you are looking for a paper, you will find that they come in different sizes. In many countries, papers are measured in feet and inches, and there are three main kinds of papers that are measured in inches: legal, legal/fine, and general. Legal paper will be the largest of the three, while general paper will be a close second.When you are looking for a paper, you should look at the paper's paper size. The size of the paper will be in two categories, basic, and folded. Basic paper will be the largest of the two categories, while folding paper will be a close second. You will find that these two categories are important, since you will find that the legal paper is sometimes folded into the size of a few inches smaller than its name would suggest.If you are looking for a paper that is the same size as a piece of fine paper, you should find that the fine paper is the largest of the two. However, you should look for legal paper to be the second largest. This is because legal paper is the one that you will use to write legal documents. On the other hand, general paper is the one that you will use to write the text of an article or page and should be the smallest of the two.In most cases, the paper is measured in a square inch. This is important because you will find that there are different sizes of a square inch that will depend on the measurement. When you are looking at the dimensions of a square inch, you should consider the way that it was measured, whether it was measured as a standard measurement or in fractions of a square inc h.When you are looking for a paper, you should also look at the number of colors that are available, as well as the width and thickness of the paper. You should look for a paper that has more colors, since this will make it easier to create different layouts. You should also consider the thickness of the paper, because this is important because it will allow you to cut the paper into smaller pieces, and you should consider the size of the paper when you are trying to cut it.The width of the paper is very important when you are looking for a paper. A paper that is too thick will be difficult to cut and too thin will be difficult to handle. You should consider the paper width when you are trying to determine the paper that you should purchase.When you are trying to determine the best paper for your product needs, you should always keep in mind that you should look at the best features that the paper has. You should look at the quality of the paper, the size of the paper, the quality o f the paper, and the width of the paper. These are all things that you should consider when you are trying to figure out the best paper for your product.

The Importance of Preparing For the APTA PTE Essay Sample

The Importance of Preparing For the APTA PTE Essay SampleIf you are thinking of taking the APTA PTE essay exam, there are many important tips that you should consider when selecting APTA's PTE essay samples. As with all other things in life, there are some simple and easy ways to prepare for the APTA PTE exam. Using a proven method is by far the best way to ensure success on the test and increase your score.PTE or Proofreading, Analytical Writing and Translation may sound like a fairly complicated subject, but as with any exam, preparation is everything. If you are not well prepared, you will likely find yourself dropping out of the examination before you even start.Knowing how to write properly is the key to any type of writing. Your personality, reading ability, writing style and quality of work are all vital elements to every page of the essay. For this reason, you will want to practice writing on different subjects. This will also allow you to gain knowledge about different style s of writing and possibly more importantly, the importance of variety in essay samples.One of the biggest mistakes students make is choosing a writing style that does not suit their personality or that of the test. However, if you know exactly what style you should use, it is much easier to decide on your sample. If you are looking for APTA PTE essay samples with an individual story, you can choose one that fits your style of writing and then study the grammar in detail. You will be able to examine what the writing style is and how it is written.When researching the APTA's PTE essay samples, you will find that you will be able to do some simple research on other people's examples. There are many websites that contain written examples of different styles of writing. This means that you will have the chance to study the correct spelling, punctuation and grammar.Another thing to keep in mind when choosing APTA's PTE essay samples is that this is one of the most difficult types of essay to prepare for. This is true because APTA has provided their essay test writers with hundreds of examples. The writers have to read the examples and select which ones they believe will work best. Therefore, it is important to take your time and thoroughly research the topics that you will be discussing.Finally, it is important to remember that you will need to select the right words. If you are writing about someone else's life and you do not know the person's name, it is important to learn the proper spelling of the name. Choosing a word that is too short or has a wrong spelling will leave you writing with a large blank space and could even disqualify you from passing the test.

An Actionable Plan on Position Essay Topics for College in Step by Step Order

An Actionable Plan on Position Essay Topics for College in Step by Step Order Position Essay Topics for College at a Glance The dearth of fantastic support sources will end in a decrease grade. With the aid of our tips for writing and our interesting collection of topics, you're guaranteed to have a high grade! The multiple topics could possibly be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. In order in order to construct and pursue the interest of the graduate essay vividly, it's also advisable to select a topic with source materials readily offered. If you're unsure what direction a position paper might take about sexual harassment at work, ask yourself a couple questions regarding the subject. If you've got many choices, what you just have to do is to pick. It's advisable that you just opt for the topic that it is possible to deal with, for instance, if you're not t sketching the personality characteristics then you need to better not elect for it. Moreover, you would like to opt for an essay topic that's going to let you demonstrate your skills to the best of your ability. The Downside Risk of Position Essay Topics for College Following are several types of essay topics for students that are categorized in many sections so you can easily chose the topic in accordance with your need and requirement. Deciding on your topic isn't that easy. On our site you will discover far more useful exceptional information that will certainly be handy for junior and higher school kids from, like common home task essay about Hamlet, in addition to, for instance, application essays for college for future students. Following are a few of the advised sociology essay topic for those students that are unable to pick a great topic for their assignment. English language classes usually take a lot of writing. The Lost Secret of Position Essay Topics for College You may restate your argument, which is quite a common practice amongst ess ayists. Becoming in a position to compose a strong argument can help you succeed in society. The main aim of topic choice for a proposal essay is to demonstrate the idea can be put into place in practice. When you are requested to decide on a great topic for your argument, start with something you're familiarized with. Even if you're a specialist in a particular field, don't be afraid to use and cite external sources. In any case, it ought to be relevant and plausible in the subject of interest. Perhaps, you believe that now you must sit and create the ideal essay topics all on your own, which could take plenty of time and energy. Having highlighted the above, the following advice will enable you pick a topic for writing university essays that are of high quality and relevant in the contemporary field of specialty. It can be really boring to look for worthy English essay topics on your own, thus we think that it's time to provide you with a hand of assistance. For instance , in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing viewpoint. Instead of just immediately writing about your argumentative essay topic, you should first think about what it is that you are likely to put back on your paper through a procedure of brainstorming and pre-writing. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper will help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. You always intuitively understand as soon as an intriguing essay idea is really the ideal idea for you. All you need to do is select the category or kind of essay that you are assigned to write for school. When you are finished with your essay, you must not just check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it also has to be checked for logical fallacies. There are several steps which you should take so as to write a fantastic essay. The Position Essay Topics for College Cover Up Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essa y topics isn't tricky to discover. If you are fighting to find one, try out a superior essay writing service to conserve time. Anyway, the paper is well-structured and organized in a simple to scan manner making it effortless for the audience to familiarize themselves with the arguments. As a writer, your work isn't just to create a content that is simple to ready and understand while still written in a professional method. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the main point to do is to select a topic and an argument that you could really get behind. You may write on anything on the planet from bill Clinton to smoking hazard, but at the conclusion of the essay if your essay isn't clear and understandable then there isn't any use of writing, so make sure that you are writing an essay that's easy yet intriguing. Hence, you've been provided with the simplest topic for problem solution essays, you can pick any on of the above mentioned and begin writing your ess ay immediately. When you finish your research notes you can begin writing with confidence that you have all of the pieces you ought to create a fantastic essay. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but be certain to do your homework on what the recent laws about your preferred topic actually say. Therefore, the above told six position essay topics will allow you to compose an excellent piece to position essay, but be sure whatever topic you're selecting isn't hard to understand and on which you get a good expertise, otherwise you won't be in a position to create sturdy arguments. There are many essay topics that you may select from. The Argument About Position Essay Topics for College Thanks to the correct selection of presentation style and a thorough understanding of the goals you wish to accomplish in your essay, there are plenty of categories essay themes may be broken into. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's critical to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. Taking into account that lots of persuasive essays concern controversial topics, before writing, you might want to sit down and think of what your opinion on the topic actually is. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do.

How to Write an Exemplification Essay

How to Write an Exemplification EssaySo you've decided to write an exemplification essay? What does it entail? Well, a few thoughts here, for starters:The format of the essay is relatively simple. No real strategy is required other than to know the topic of the essay. Sometimes, however, it's helpful to have a little bit of help along the way. A good example is the exception for abbreviated reference lists.A lot of research goes into writing an exemplification essay. Some examples: Once you know what you're talking about, look around for the best resources in that area. Take a closer look at the literature and see if you can find anything that pertains to your topic. Yes, that's right - some citations are better than others, especially for an essay that has been written for a college-level class.Do you have a particular idea or concept in mind that you want to express? Well, that's going to be the most difficult part. It's a challenge to think of your thesis statement in such a way t hat it makes sense in the context of the topic. Think of something you've always liked. For example, is there a book in your collection of reading materials that has a book review?Try to think about what makes your topic unique, and how it relates to what you already know. Think about whether there's a piece of literature that does not cover your topic. Is there a TV show, song, or album that stands out from the crowd?Writing an exemplification essay is not easy. It takes thought and research. It's also challenging and nerve-wracking. It's no wonder so many people shy away from it, particularly with what they assume is a less-than-ideal grade on the paper.So how to write an exemplification essay? Asking questions, testing out different strategies, and having some preparation go into it is key. Be brave and use your favorite author as a point of reference!